Answer: C
Explanation: C) A former scientific viewpoint stating that factors within the physical geography of a region shape the local population's culture and behaviors.
Environmental determinism was a perspective in geography that suggested that the physical environment, such as climate and geography, primarily determined the culture and behaviors of human populations in a given region. This view has been largely discredited in contemporary geography and social sciences due to its oversimplification and lack of accounting for the complexity of human culture and behavior.