Answer:
Eighteenth-century European reformers held a range of beliefs and ideas about the rule of monarchs, and their views were influenced by the political, social, and intellectual developments of the time. It's important to note that Europe in the 18th century was a diverse continent with various countries and political systems, so reformers' views could differ significantly from one region to another. However, there are some common themes and beliefs that emerged during this period:
1. Enlightenment Ideas: The 18th century was the age of Enlightenment, a philosophical and intellectual movement that emphasized reason, individual rights, and the idea that political authority should be based on consent and the welfare of the people. Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu played a significant role in shaping reformers' views. They argued for limitations on the power of monarchs and the importance of constitutional government.
2. Constitutionalism: Many reformers advocated for constitutional limits on the authority of monarchs. They believed in the importance of written constitutions, which would specify the rights and powers of both the ruler and the governed. These constitutions often included protections for individual rights and checks and balances on government power.
3. Popular Sovereignty: Some reformers, influenced by Rousseau's ideas, believed in the concept of popular sovereignty, which held that the ultimate source of political authority should reside in the people. They argued that monarchs should rule with the consent of the governed and that governments should be accountable to their citizens.
4. Limited Monarchy: Reformers often advocated for limiting the powers of monarchs through legal and institutional means. This could involve establishing parliamentary systems, where the monarch's authority was subject to the approval of elected representatives, or creating independent judiciaries to ensure the rule of law.
5. Religious Tolerance: In some cases, reformers called for religious tolerance and the separation of church and state. They believed that religious freedom was essential for individual liberty and that monarchs should not impose their religious beliefs on their subjects.
6. Economic and Social Reforms: Some reformers also addressed economic and social issues. They advocated for policies that would promote economic growth, reduce inequality, and improve the welfare of the population. These ideas contributed to later developments in economic thought and policy.
7. Nationalism: As the 18th century progressed, nationalism became an influential force in European politics. Some reformers supported the idea of nation-states with their own distinct identities and governance, separate from the authority of foreign rulers or empires.
It's important to note that the degree to which these ideas were implemented varied greatly across Europe. Some countries experienced significant political reforms during this period, such as the United Kingdom with the Glorious Revolution and the development of constitutional monarchy. Others, like Russia or Austria, remained more autocratic. The French Revolution, which began in 1789, marked a dramatic turning point in European history and led to the overthrow of the French monarchy, the rise of republicanism, and the spread of revolutionary ideals across the continent.
Step-by-step explanation: