1. Descriptive Study:
• Example: Survey on Smartphone Usage
• Description: In a descriptive study, researchers might conduct a survey to gather information about a specific topic without manipulating any variables or establishing causal relationships. For instance, a survey on smartphone usage habits among college students would aim to describe how many hours they spend on their phones, what apps they use the most, and their overall smartphone usage patterns. This study provides a snapshot of the current situation without trying to determine causes or effects.
2. Cause and Effect Study (Experimental Study):
• Example: Clinical Trial Testing a New Drug
• Description: In a cause and effect study, also known as an experimental study, researchers manipulate one or more variables to determine if they cause changes in another variable. For instance, in a clinical trial testing a new drug’s efficacy, participants are randomly assigned to receive either the experimental drug or a placebo (control group). The study assesses whether the drug (independent variable) has a significant effect on improving a specific medical condition (dependent variable). This type of research aims to establish a causal relationship between the treatment and its effects.