Answer:
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Step-by-step explanation:
Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov's work on classical conditioning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology. Classical conditioning involves learning by association. Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs demonstrated that a neutral stimulus (such as a bell ringing) can become associated with a reflexive response (such as salivation) when repeatedly paired with a natural stimulus (such as food). This process of pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response and eventually triggering the same response with the neutral stimulus alone is known as classical conditioning. It highlights how learned associations between stimuli can influence behavior.
Example: If a person has a negative experience in a particular place (neutral stimulus), they may develop a conditioned response of anxiety or discomfort whenever they return to that place.
Operant Conditioning: B.F. Skinner's work on operant conditioning emphasizes how behavior is influenced by consequences. In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped through reinforcement (strengthening a behavior) and punishment (weakening a behavior). Positive reinforcement involves rewarding a behavior to increase its likelihood, while negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to do the same. Conversely, punishments are used to decrease the probability of a behavior occurring. This approach illustrates how the consequences of actions can shape and maintain behavior.
Example: If a student receives praise (positive reinforcement) for studying regularly, they are more likely to continue studying in the future.
Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura's social learning theory expands upon classical and operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of observational learning and modeling. According to this theory, individuals learn by observing others and imitating their behavior. Social learning theory underscores the importance of cognitive processes, such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation, in the learning process. It also highlights the influence of role models and the environment on behavior.
Example: Children often learn various behaviors, including language and social skills, by observing and imitating their parents or peers.