Explanation:
To find the present value (P) of $31,000 over 7 years at an annual interest rate of 5% compounded continuously, use the formula P = Be^(-rT).
P is the present value.
B is the future value or initial amount, which is $31,000.
r is the annual interest rate (5% or 0.05 as a decimal).
T is the time period, which is 7 years.
P = 31,000 * e^(-0.05 * 7)
P ≈ $21,676.09 (rounded to two decimal places)
The present value is approximately $21,676.09