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flashback: a technique that goes back in time to fill gaps in the plot and characters, or to provide backstory
foreshadowing: a technique used subtly to suggest or show something ahead of time in a text
juxtaposition: a technique in which the writer places two descriptions, ideas, characters, actions, or events side by side in a text
pacing: the speed at which a story progresses due to sentence length and narrative techniques
perspective: the view, or opinion, of a text and/or its elements, as created by a writer
stream of consciousness: a method in which the writing is organized around the internal thoughts of the narrator