Step-by-step explanation:
Historically, the tests that have been used to determine an athlete's biological sex include:
1. Barr Body Test: This test examines the presence or absence of Barr bodies in the nucleus of cells, which are typically indicative of an XX chromosomal pattern.
2. Chromosomal Analysis: Although not on your list, karyotyping or chromosomal analysis has also been used in the past to examine the chromosomal makeup of an individual, usually XX for females and XY for males.
3. Hormonal Tests: These tests might include measurements of hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and follicle-stimulating hormone, but they are generally considered less reliable for determining biological sex.
4. Genital Examination: Physical examinations have also been conducted historically, though they are now largely considered unethical and invasive for this purpose.
Your list includes the Follicle Stimulating Hormone Test and the Estrogen-Progesterone Ratio Test, which are hormone tests, and the Grip Strength Test, which isn't commonly used for determining biological sex but may have been used in the past in a more biased or unscientific manner.
It's important to note that these methods have come under significant ethical and scientific scrutiny, and many have been abandoned in favor of more nuanced approaches to gender verification in sports.