Improved understanding of Earth's climate. Option D
Astronomy research has led to various unexpected benefits such as advances in technology, understanding the origins of the universe, and the development of GPS systems.
However, directly improving the understanding of Earth's climate was not specifically mentioned as an unexpected benefit of astronomy research, although there might be indirect connections between astronomical observations and certain insights into climate science, they may not be highlighted as a direct, unexpected benefit in some contexts.
Complete question:
Which of the following was not listed as an unexpected benefit of astronomy research? Options: A) Advances in technology B) Understanding the origins of the universe C) Development of GPS systems D) Improved understanding of Earth's climate