Final answer:
This Chemistry question at the College level involves identifying and naming functional groups in organic compounds per IUPAC nomenclature rules. It covers substituent identification, ordering by alphabetical precedence, and the use of hyphens and commas in naming.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question is asking to identify the functional groups shown on the given compounds. In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The names of the functional groups are important in the nomenclature of organic compounds. The process of naming an organic compound involves first identifying the substituent groups and their location on the parent chain, then arranging them alphabetically, and finally naming the compound as a single word following specific IUPAC nomenclature rules. This involves using hyphens to separate numbers from substituent names, and commas to separate multiple numbers.
For example, a molecule with two chlorine atoms on the first carbon and an ethyl group on the second carbon attached to a pentane chain would be named 1,1-dichloro-2-ethylpentane. The functional group for chlorines is haloalkane and for the ethyl group is an alkyl substituent. It's also important to recognize common functional groups in biomolecules such as alcohols, ethers, and amines. The naming convention also extends to designations such as α- (alpha), β- (beta), γ- (gamma), δ- (delta) for the position of carbon atoms relative to a functional group.