The mood of a novel is often established by the combination of several elements, including:
Setting: The physical environment, time period, and location where the story takes place can greatly influence the mood. A dark, gloomy setting might create a suspenseful or eerie mood, while a bright, cheerful setting can evoke a more optimistic mood.
Descriptive Language: The way the author describes scenes, objects, and characters can set the tone and mood. Vivid and evocative language can create a strong emotional atmosphere.
Tone: The author's attitude towards the subject matter, as conveyed through the narration and the characters, can impact the mood. A humorous tone might create a lighthearted mood, while a somber tone can lead to a more melancholic mood.
All these elements, and more, work together to establish the mood of a novel, creating the emotional backdrop that the reader experiences while engaging with the story.
I hope this helped!
~~~Harsha~~~