Question

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05.03 The Scientific Revolution Assessment

Step 1: Complete the chart.
Use at least three complete sentences to describe the contribution and significance of each of the scientific thinkers listed and two additional thinkers of your choice. An example is provided for you.
Scientific Thinker Contribution and Significance
Galileo Galileo was Italian. He studied multiple subjects including math and astronomy. Galileo developed a better telescope that enabled him to provide evidence for the sun-centered universe (heliocentric) theory developed by Copernicus. He suffered for his work since the theory contradicted Church teaching.
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Sir Isaac Newton
Johannes Kepler
_________ (Your choice 1—pick another thinker presented in the lesson.)
_________ (Your choice 2—pick another thinker presented in the lesson.)

Step 2:
"Revolution" can be defined as a complete or significant, wide-reaching change. What made the Scientific Revolution revolutionary? Explain your response in at least one complete paragraph, using details you learned in the lesson.

Answer 1

Step-by-step explanation:

Galileo Galilei

Galileo, an Italian scientist, made significant contributions to various fields such as mathematics and astronomy. He improved the telescope, which allowed him to gather evidence supporting Copernicus's heliocentric theory that the Earth orbits around the sun. Galileo's observations of the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter challenged the geocentric model endorsed by the Church. His work was controversial and led to conflicts with the Church due to its contradiction of established religious beliefs.

Francis Bacon

Bacon, an English philosopher and statesman, is known for his contributions to the development of the scientific method. He emphasized empirical observation, experimentation, and inductive reasoning as the foundation of scientific inquiry. Bacon's emphasis on gathering data and drawing conclusions from evidence laid the groundwork for modern scientific investigation.

Rene Descartes

Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician, is famous for his dualism philosophy, which separated mind and body. His analytical geometry also played a crucial role in linking algebra and geometry. Descartes' approach to skepticism and his method of doubt set a precedent for rational inquiry, encouraging systematic doubt and reliance on reason to establish truth.

Sir Isaac Newton

Newton, an English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer, is celebrated for his laws of motion and universal gravitation. His work, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica," laid down the foundation for classical mechanics and provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the motion of objects. Newton's work unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics and introduced a rigorous mathematical approach to physics.

Johannes Kepler

Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer, formulated three laws of planetary motion. His work solidified the heliocentric model by providing mathematical descriptions of the planets' orbits around the sun. Kepler's laws not only explained planetary motion but also marked a departure from the previous circular orbits, showing that planets move in elliptical paths.

Marie Curie

Marie Curie, a Polish-born physicist and chemist, conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. She discovered the elements polonium and radium and coined the term "radioactivity." Her work laid the foundation for modern nuclear physics and had significant applications in medical science and industry.

Antoine Lavoisier

Lavoisier, a French chemist, is often referred to as the "father of modern chemistry." He established the law of conservation of mass and contributed to the development of the modern chemical naming system. Lavoisier's systematic approach to chemical reactions and his emphasis on accurate measurement transformed chemistry from a qualitative to a quantitative science.

The Scientific Revolution was revolutionary due to the dramatic shift it brought in how people understood the natural world. It challenged long-held beliefs and reliance on traditional authorities such as the Church and ancient philosophers. Instead, it emphasized empirical observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning as the basis for understanding the universe. This shift in approach led to the development of the scientific method, which promoted systematic investigation, hypothesis testing, and evidence-based conclusions. The Scientific Revolution also led to major breakthroughs in various scientific disciplines, including astronomy, physics, chemistry, and medicine, which transformed the way people thought about the cosmos and their place in it. This paradigm shift paved the way for the Enlightenment and the subsequent advancements in science and technology that continue to shape our modern world.

Answer 2

Scientific Thinker Contribution and Significance

1. Galileo Galileo was an Italian scientist who made significant contributions to multiple fields, including mathematics and astronomy. His development of an improved telescope allowed him to gather evidence supporting Copernicus's heliocentric theory, which contradicted the established Church teaching of the Earth-centered universe. Galileo's work challenged the prevailing dogma, leading to his persecution by the Church, making his contributions both revolutionary and influential in shaping modern scientific thought.

2. Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, and scientist. He is often credited with formalizing the scientific method, emphasizing empirical observation and experimentation. Bacon's ideas laid the foundation for modern scientific inquiry, encouraging researchers to systematically gather evidence and test hypotheses. His contributions to the development of empirical, evidence-based research methods were a cornerstone of the Scientific Revolution.

3. Rene Descartes, a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, is known for his development of analytical geometry and his famous statement, "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). Descartes emphasized the importance of doubt and rational inquiry as a means to establish certain knowledge. His emphasis on skepticism and the use of reason paved the way for a more systematic and critical approach to scientific inquiry.

4. Sir Isaac Newton, an English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer, is renowned for his laws of motion and universal gravitation. His groundbreaking work unified the principles of physics and astronomy, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the physical world. Newton's mathematical formulations allowed scientists to predict and explain the motion of celestial bodies, leading to a profound transformation in our understanding of the universe.

5. Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer, made significant contributions to our understanding of planetary motion. Kepler formulated the three laws of planetary motion, which precisely described the orbits of planets around the sun. His laws provided a crucial link between Copernicus's heliocentric model and Newton's laws of motion, solidifying the heliocentric theory as a fundamental concept in modern astronomy.

6. Andreas Vesalius, a Flemish anatomist, revolutionized the field of anatomy through his meticulous dissections and detailed illustrations. His work "De humani corporis fabrica" (On the Fabric of the Human Body) challenged many ancient and erroneous anatomical beliefs, promoting empirical study of human anatomy and laying the groundwork for modern medical research.

The Scientific Revolution was revolutionary because it marked a profound shift in the way humanity understood the natural world. Prior to this period, much of scientific inquiry was influenced by religious and philosophical beliefs. The Scientific Revolution emphasized empirical evidence, systematic observation, and mathematical analysis. It led to the development of the scientific method, which encouraged critical thinking, experimentation, and the pursuit of verifiable knowledge. This shift from dogma to evidence-based inquiry paved the way for the rapid advancement of scientific knowledge, leading to breakthroughs in multiple fields, including astronomy, physics, biology, and medicine. The Scientific Revolution laid the foundation for the modern scientific worldview and its ongoing impact on technological innovation and our understanding of the universe.

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