Question

EXAM #1 REVIEW Endocrine System, and Blood Endocrine System • What is the function of the endocrine system? • Know major endocrine glands discussed (posterior pituitary gland, anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus (in relation to its interactions with the anterior and posterior pituitary gland), thyroid, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland (medulla and cortex) – AND the major hormones produced at these endocrine sites that were discussed in class • Pituitary-hypothalamic relationships • Difference between the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary vs. the anterior pituitary in relation to signals received from the hypothalamus (hint – axon terminals in posterior pituitary and hypophyseal portal system capillary plexus in anterior pituitary) • Know the mechanisms involved in hormone-mediated receptor activation for steroids and amino acid-derivative hormones • What is a tropic hormone • How are hormone levels in the blood regulated? o Negative feedback for major hormones discussed (ACTH, TSH, PTH) and the products which control the synthesis and release through negative feedback • Stimuli affecting the synthesis and release of hormones (humoral, neural, hormonal) • What happens when there’s hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones (GH, cortisol, insulin, TSH) • Endocrine gland/hormones involved in fight-or-flight response • Be familiar with the questions asked during lecture (refer back to ppt slides) Blood • Why do we need blood • How does blood act as a connective tissue, and what is it lacking to make it a true connective tissue • Describe the three functions of blood and provide examples • Blood characteristics including the formed elements and plasma (proteins found in plasma and other components) • What is hematocrit? Be able to look at photos and describe why the hematocrit may be altered in a patient • Hemopoiesis in red bone marrow and lymphoid tissues o What cells/elements are produced in each • Lymphoid stem cells • Myeloid stem cells • Process involved in hemopoiesis (stem cell, growth factors, and sites of differentiation) • Hemoglobin – what is it, and what does it do • What alters the color of the heme pigment • Know regulation of red blood cell production • How are RBCs broken down and recycled • Know how jaundice is related to RBC breakdown • What are WBCs o Each cell type (function and classification characteristics) • Platelets as cell elements (megakaryocytes) • Where are they produced and how • Platelet function • Identify steps of hemostasis • Vascular spasm – what is it • Platelet plug and coagulation • How are clots broken down o Know how the drugs discussed work • Four blood types – know antigen/antibody presence in each type • Be able to select the correct blood type to use in a transfusion given a scenario • Antigen/antibody interaction (agglutination) • Know universal donors/recipients • Rh factors and when antibodies can be produced in response to Rh factors

Answer 1

The endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream, controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Hormonal levels are mainly regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, and imbalances can result in various disorders.

Step-by-step explanation:

Overview of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system comprises a network of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function. The hypothalamus, located in the brain, controls the pituitary gland often referred to as the "master gland" because it directs other glands to release their hormones.

Hormonal Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms

Hormones are regulated through feedback mechanisms, predominantly negative feedback loops. For instance, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are regulated by their products which control the synthesis and release through such feedback loops.

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

Endocrine glands of importance include the thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands, with the pancreas producing insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels. The adrenal glands play a key role in stress response by releasing adrenaline and cortisol.

Hormones can be broadly categorized into steroid hormones, such as sex hormones, and non-steroid hormones, such as insulin. They exert their effects by binding to receptor proteins on their target cells.

Disorders of the Endocrine System

Imbalances in hormone levels can lead to disorders such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and Cushing's syndrome. Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones like growth hormone (GH), cortisol, and insulin can have various impacts on the body's homeostasis.