Answer:
(1)
- Heat: Energy transfer between objects due to temperature difference.
- Temperature: Measure of average kinetic energy of particles in a system.
(2)
- Heat: Energy, measured in joules or calories, variable and transient.
- Temperature: Scalar property, measured in degrees (e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin), remains constant if no heat transfer.
(3)
- Heat: Transferred through conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Temperature: Doesn't transfer; changes only when in contact with objects at different temperatures.
(4)
- Heat: Causes state changes or temperature variations based on substance's heat capacity.
- Temperature: Affects physical properties but doesn't cause state changes; influences volume, pressure, and density.
** Refer to the explanation for more information.
Step-by-step explanation:
Here are some key differences between heat and temperature:
(1) - Definition:
- Heat: Heat is the energy transfer that occurs between two objects or systems due to a temperature difference. It flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is reached.
- Temperature: Temperature, on the other hand, is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles within a substance or system. It indicates how hot or cold something is and is measured using a temperature scale (e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin).
(2) - Nature of the Quantity:
- Heat: Heat is a form of energy, typically measured in joules (J) or calories (cal). It is a transient and variable quantity that can be transferred from one object to another.
- Temperature: Temperature is a scalar quantity, measured in degrees (e.g., °C, °F, K). It is a property of a system that remains constant as long as there is no heat transfer.
(3) - Transfer Mechanism:
- Heat: Heat is transferred through three main mechanisms: conduction (transfer through direct contact), convection (transfer through the movement of fluids), and radiation (transfer through electromagnetic waves).
- Temperature: Temperature, being a property of a substance, does not transfer from one object to another. However, when two objects with different temperatures come into contact, heat may flow until they reach the same temperature.
(4) - Effect on Substance:
- Heat: When heat is added to a substance, it can lead to changes in the substance's state (e.g., melting, boiling) or temperature. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance depends on its heat capacity.
- Temperature: Temperature affects the physical properties of a substance but does not cause state changes on its own. For example, a substance's volume, pressure, and density are influenced by its temperature.
Additional Information/terminology:
Specific Heat Capacity: Specific heat capacity (or simply specific heat) is a crucial concept related to heat and temperature. It represents the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). Different substances have different specific heat capacities, which means they require varying amounts of heat to undergo the same temperature change. Water, for instance, has a high specific heat capacity, making it useful for regulating temperature in the environment and organisms.
Thermal Expansion: When an object's temperature changes, it may undergo thermal expansion or contraction. This is the phenomenon where the size, volume, or density of a substance changes with temperature variations. Most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled.
Heat Transfer Equation: The heat transfer equation, often referred to as the "Heat Transfer Equation," is given by:
⇒ Q = mcΔT
Where:
- "Q" is the amount of heat transferred (in joules or calories).
- "m" is the mass of the substance (in kilograms or grams).
- "c" is the specific heat capacity of the substance (in J/(kg°C) or cal/(g°C)).
- "ΔT" is the change in temperature (in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).
Thermodynamics: The study of heat and temperature falls under the broader field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat, work, energy, and temperature, and it plays a fundamental role in understanding the behavior of various systems, including engines, power plants, and the Earth's climate.
In conclusion:
Understanding the distinction between heat and temperature is essential for various fields, including physics, chemistry, engineering, and environmental sciences. It allows scientists and engineers to design efficient heat transfer systems, control temperatures in industrial processes, and comprehend the behavior of materials under different thermal conditions.