a. This is an example of linear growth, where the population increases by a fixed amount (30,000 people) each year.
b. This is an example of quadratic growth, where the weight of an arthropod's shell increases proportionally to the square of its height.
c. This is an example of combined growth, where the cost of water diversion using porous earth technology depends on both the rate of rainfall it can divert (linear growth) and the area of the neighborhood it serves (probably also linear or some other form of growth).
d. This is an example of exponential growth, where each additional dollar spent results in a 50% improvement in the quality of the drink. The improvement is proportional to the amount spent, and the growth rate increases rapidly with each additional dollar.