Answer:
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Relative Dating:
This method involves determining the age of fossils relative to other fossils or rock layers. Some common techniques include:
Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers (strata) and the principle of superposition, which states that younger rocks are deposited on top of older rocks.
Index Fossils: Certain fossils are indicative of specific geological time periods and can help correlate rock layers in different locations.
Carbon-14 Dating (Radiocarbon Dating):
Carbon-14 dating is used to determine the age of relatively young organic materials, such as bones, wood, and charcoal.
It relies on the fact that carbon-14, a radioactive isotope, decays at a known rate into nitrogen-14. By measuring the remaining carbon-14 in a sample, scientists can estimate its age.
Potassium-Argon Dating:
This method is used for dating rocks and minerals that contain potassium, such as volcanic ash or lava flows.
Potassium-40, a radioactive isotope, decays into argon-40 at a known rate. By measuring the ratio of potassium-40 to argon-40, scientists can calculate the age of the rock.
Uranium-Lead Dating:
Uranium-lead dating is used for rocks and minerals that contain uranium and lead.
Uranium-238, a radioactive isotope, decays into lead-206 at a known rate. By measuring the ratio of uranium-238 to lead-206, scientists can determine the age of the rock.
Fission Track Dating:
This method is used for dating minerals, such as zircon and apatite, that contain uranium.
The spontaneous fission of uranium-238 creates tracks in the mineral. By counting these tracks, scientists can estimate the age of the mineral.
Thermoluminescence Dating:
Thermoluminescence dating is used for dating pottery, burnt flint, and other materials that were exposed to heat in the past.
When these materials were heated, they trapped electrons. Heating the material again releases the trapped electrons as light. By measuring this emitted light, scientists can estimate the time since the material was last heated.
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