Answer:
U.S, Japan, Ottoman Empire, China, Spain and Portugal
Step-by-step explanation:
During the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most European powers were involved in the effort to secure colonies in Africa. However, there were a few countries that were not directly involved in this colonial race due to various reasons. Notable among them were:
1. The United States did not have a significant colonial presence in Africa during the Scramble. At that time, the U.S. was more focused on its expansion and development in the Americas and did not actively pursue colonial territories in Africa.
2. While Japan was experiencing significant modernization and imperial expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it did not participate in the colonization of Africa. Japan was primarily focused on expanding its influence in East Asia and the Pacific region.
3. The Ottoman Empire, which encompassed parts of present-day Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa, was in decline during the Scramble for Africa. It was not actively involved in the colonization of sub-Saharan Africa, although some European powers established protectorates and influence in parts of the Ottoman territories.
4. China was not directly involved in the colonization of Africa. During this period, China was dealing with internal issues and the encroachment of foreign powers in Asia rather than seeking territorial expansion in Africa.
5. While Spain and Portugal had historical colonial possessions in Africa prior to the Scramble, they did not significantly expand their African territories during this period compared to other European powers.
It's important to note that some of these countries might have had limited interactions with Africa or might have engaged in diplomatic relations and trade without pursuing large-scale colonial ambitions on the continent. Additionally, Ethiopia and Liberia are two African countries that managed to remain independent during the Scramble for Africa and avoid direct colonization.