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For each landmark Supreme Court Case listed below, summarize: What Happened? Majority Ruling/ Decision of the Court and why? Significance Aftermath/How did it change the way things are done?

1. Marbury v. Madison
2. McCulloch v Maryland
3. Gibbons v. Ogden
4. Dred Scott Decision
5. Plessy v. Ferguson
6. Schenk v. United States
7. Korematsu v. United States
8. Mapp v. Ohio
9. Engel v Vitale
10. Brown v. Board of Education
11. Miranda v. Arizona
12. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
13. United States v. Virginia (VMI)
14. Tinker v. DesMoines
15. United States v. Nixon

1 Answer

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1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) - Established judicial review power of Supreme Court to deem acts unconstitutional.

2. McCulloch v Maryland (1819) - Upheld federal power to charter bank, established broad federal power over states.

3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) - Congress has power to regulate interstate commerce under Commerce Clause.

4. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) - Slaves are property, blacks can't be citizens. Increased tensions over slavery.

5. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Upheld racial segregation under "separate but equal." Led to Jim Crow era discrimination.

6. Schenck v. United States (1919) - Limited free speech if poses "clear and present danger." Used to prosecute anti-war activists.

7. Korematsu v. United States (1944) - Upheld Japanese internment camps during WWII. Infringed civil liberties.

8. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) - Evidence obtained illegally can't be used in state prosecutions. Strengthened 4th Amendment rights.

9. Engel v. Vitale (1962) - Banned official school prayer. Strengthened separation of church and state.

10. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - Banned racial segregation in schools. Catalyst of civil rights movement.

11. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - Required police to inform suspects of rights. Protected 5th Amendment rights.

12. Regents v. Bakke (1978) - Upheld affirmative action but banned racial quotas in college admissions.

13. United States v. Virginia (1996) - Ruled VMI's male-only admissions policy unconstitutional under equal protection.

14. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) - Protected student right to protest Vietnam War by wearing black armbands. Upheld free speech.

15. United States v. Nixon (1974) - Limited executive privilege, ordered Nixon to release Watergate tapes. Upheld rule of law.

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