The answer is (d) Overgeneralizations.
Overgeneralizations are statements that make sweeping generalizations based on limited evidence. They often use words like "always," "everybody," and "never." For example, the statement "All politicians are corrupt" is an overgeneralization. It is based on the limited evidence of a few corrupt politicians, but it does not take into account the many honest politicians who are also in office.
Logical appeals, ethical concerns, and emotional appeals are all different types of persuasive appeals. Logical appeals use evidence and reasoning to persuade the reader or listener. Ethical appeals appeal to the reader or listener's sense of right and wrong. Emotional appeals appeal to the reader or listener's emotions.
The words "always," "everybody," and "never" are cue words for overgeneralizations because they suggest that the statement is universally true. However, in reality, most statements are not universally true. There are always exceptions to the rule. This is why it is important to be critical of statements that use these words.
So the answer is (d).