Answer:
Systematic errors and random errors are two types of errors that can occur during measurements or experiments. Here's how they differ:
1. Systematic Error: Systematic errors are consistent and predictable errors that affect the accuracy of measurements. They occur due to flaws or limitations in the measurement system or experimental setup. Some common sources of systematic errors include instrumental calibration issues, environmental conditions, or human bias.
Example: Suppose a weighing scale consistently reads 2 grams heavier than the actual weight of an object. This would be a systematic error because it consistently affects the measurements in the same way.
2. Random Error: Random errors are unpredictable and inconsistent errors that occur due to various uncontrollable factors. They can arise from fluctuations in the experimental conditions, human error, or limitations of the measuring instruments. Random errors tend to scatter the measurements around the true value.
Example: When measuring the length of a wire multiple times, random errors may arise due to slight variations in the positioning of the measuring device or fluctuations in ambient temperature.
In summary, systematic errors are consistent and predictable, affecting measurements in the same direction, while random errors are unpredictable and scatter measurements around the true value. It is important to account for and minimize both types of errors to ensure accurate and reliable results in scientific experiments and measurements.