From c. 1200 to 1450 CE, states were organized in different ways in different parts of the world. While there were some similarities in the ways states were organized, there were also significant differences that reflected the unique political, social, and economic conditions of each region.
One similarity in the ways states were organized was the emergence of powerful centralized states that exercised control over large territories. In Europe, for example, the rise of monarchies such as England and France led to the consolidation of power under a single ruler, who exercised control over a large bureaucracy and military. Similarly, in China, the Song Dynasty developed a strong centralized state that controlled a large population and territory through a complex system of government officials and military commanders.
However, there were also significant differences in the ways states were organized in different parts of the world. In Europe, for example, the development of feudalism meant that power was often decentralized, with local lords exercising significant control over their territories. In contrast, in Mesoamerica, the Aztec Empire developed a complex system of tribute and trade that allowed them to control a large population and territory without the need for a centralized bureaucracy.
Moreover, the ways in which states were organized reflected the unique cultural and social conditions of each region. In West Africa, for example, the rise of the Mali Empire was closely tied to the development of the trans-Saharan trade network, which allowed the empire to become wealthy and powerful through the control of trade routes. In contrast, in Japan, the development of the shogunate system reflected the unique cultural and social conditions of Japan, where a warrior class emerged to control the country through military force.
Overall, while there were some similarities in the ways states were organized in different parts of the world from c. 1200 to 1450 CE, there were also significant differences that reflected the unique political, social, and economic conditions of each region. It is important to recognize these differences in order to understand the complex and diverse history of human civilization.