Answer: A. Sanctions
Step-by-step explanation:
Let us firstly define what these phrases mean in order to determine the answer.
Sanctions - A deterrent or incentive put into place to make people obey rules.
Positive reinforcement - More of a psychology term, involves rewarding of behavior in order to influence its frequency in the future.
Shaming - Making someone feel bad for their actions or behaviors.
Punishment - The act of harm (in any degree) in hopes one would not re-attempt their behavior, usually to set an example.
Although sanctions and punishment are similar in nature, sanctions specialize in law and order, while punishments are universal.