Bergmann's and Allen's rules relate to body proportions in relation to climate conditions.
Specifically:
- Bergmann's rule states that populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, while smaller size is found in warmer regions. This is linked to the need to conserve or dissipate body heat.
- Allen's rule states that animals from colder climates tend to have shorter limbs and extremities compared to animals from warmer climates. This is related to minimizing heat loss from those appendages in cold weather.
In contrast:
- The origin of modern humans and relationship between skin color and latitude relate to human evolution and adaptation, not Bergmann's and Allen's rules.
- The distribution of Acheulean tools deals with archaeology and material culture, not body proportions and climate.
So out of the given options, Bergmann's and Allen's rules specifically relate to and help explain the adaptation of body proportions in relation to climate conditions. This match between anatomy and environment aids thermoregulation.