Which of the following is TRUE of leadership? A factory supervisor who docks the pay of any subordinate who fails to wear safety glasses on the job is engaging in leader punishing behavior. The essence of cognitive resource theory is that stress is the friend of intelligence. Informal leaders are unable to exert much influence over members of an organization. One of the flaws in Fiedler's leadership model is that it fails to take into account the formal authority of the leader. A leader who engages in initiating structure shows followers that she cares about their well-being, how they feel, and what they think.