Answer:
1. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure used to assess the overall development and well-being of a country's population. It takes into account three key elements:
a. Life expectancy at birth: This element looks at the average number of years a person is expected to live from birth. It reflects the overall health and access to healthcare in a country. For example, if a country has a high life expectancy, it suggests that the population generally has access to quality healthcare and leads healthy lives.
b. Education: This element considers two factors - expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling. Expected years of schooling refers to the number of years a child is expected to spend in education, while mean years of schooling looks at the average number of years of education received by adults aged 25 and older. These indicators provide insight into the education level of the population and the opportunities for learning and personal development.
c. Gross national income (GNI) per capita: This element measures the average income per person in a country. It takes into account the total income generated within a country and divides it by the total population. GNI per capita reflects the standard of living and economic well-being of the population. Higher GNI per capita suggests higher income levels and a better quality of life.
By combining these three elements - life expectancy, education, and income - the HDI provides a comprehensive assessment of a country's development. It allows for comparisons between countries and helps policymakers identify areas for improvement in order to enhance the well-being of their populations.