1. Undermining state authority: Non-state actors such as rebel groups, militias, and criminal organizations can challenge the legitimacy and authority of the state, leading to instability and conflict.
2. Contributing to the spread of violence: Non-state actors have been implicated in various forms of violence, including terrorism, insurgency, and organized crime. This can lead to significant human suffering and economic disruption.
3. Disrupting development efforts: Non-state actors can disrupt development efforts by interfering with aid delivery and development projects, or by exploiting resources for their own gain.
4. Promoting regional instability: Non-state actors often operate across borders, contributing to regional instability and conflict. This can lead to the displacement of populations, economic disruption, and political instability.
5. Challenging human rights: Non-state actors can challenge human rights by engaging in abuses such as forced labor, human trafficking, and sexual violence. This can lead to significant harm to individuals and communities, as well as undermine the rule of law.