Answer:
Option D, beauty
Step-by-step explanation:
When answering this question, think about how each could possibly and (importantly) realistically effect health in the day-to-day life of the average person.
Spirituality can greatly effect one's health. Tangibly, this could mean that the patient declines to use vaccines, certain contraceptive methods, or certain medications. It can possibly speak to the patient's sexual orientation and their activity. It can give insight to particular dietary restrictions, both time and content. It can also provide information as to how health personnel can properly make the patient feel they are at the center of their care, rather than just patient numbers and insurance status -- we can possibly what makes the patient feel grounded, we can possibly allow them to decorate their space during their stay if admitted, we can get a facility chaplain involved; all things that can improve patient mental health and thus patient outcomes. Patient spirituality and provider knowledge about a culture is not a substitute for proper patient assessment and, therefore, should not be treated as such; practice cultural humility and ask patients what needs to be asked despite their spiritual attachment because not every patient is the same.
The physical component is the most obvious one. Certain observable characteristics can be compared to what is expected based on what we know to be "healthy" and determine what may be considered abnormal about whatever condition the patient is presenting with, if any abnormalities at all are there.
The mental component is more of the same with physical in that expected is compared to what the patient presents to providers, however, the characteristics are not necessarily observable all the time and usually require interview as well as what the patient is reporting is their reality. Mental health can affect the physical and spiritual components and vice versa, so improving them with medical, pharmacological, and therapeutic interventions can lead to better patient outcomes.
Lastly, there is beauty. One's interpretation of beauty, specifically pertaining to image and identity, can contribute to the improvement or lead to the detriment of their physical and mental health, two aforementioned components. However, it is not an official component in its own rite. Beauty is subjective and, as such, cannot be solved with previously brought up interventions. The presence of beauty or the experiencing of beauty also is not proven to lead to improved patient outcomes. This is potentially why patients that frequent plastic surgeons may think they are "just one surgery away" from obtaining perfection.