DNA helicase: Unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds, creating a replication fork.
DNA polymerase: Catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication.
Primase: Synthesizes RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin replication.
DNA ligase: Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by sealing the gaps between them.
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs): Stabilize single-stranded DNA regions and prevent reannealing or degradation.
Topoisomerase: Alleviates tension generated during unwinding of DNA strands by cutting and rejoining the DNA molecule.
DNA clamp (PCNA): Acts as a sliding clamp to enhance the processivity of DNA polymerase, ensuring efficient replication.