The negative effects of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) can vary depending on the specific drug or substance being used. However, here are some common symptoms and negative effects associated with PEDs:
1. Physical health risks: Many PEDs can have detrimental effects on physical health, including cardiovascular problems, liver damage, kidney damage, and increased risk of stroke or heart attack.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Some PEDs, such as anabolic steroids, can disrupt the body's natural hormonal balance, leading to a range of negative effects. These may include changes in reproductive function, decreased fertility, and development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., breast enlargement in men).
3. Psychological effects: PEDs can also impact mental health and behavior. They may lead to mood swings, increased aggression (commonly referred to as "roid rage"), irritability, and even psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety.
4. Addiction and dependence: Some PEDs can be highly addictive, leading to psychological and physical dependence. Individuals may develop a compulsion to continue using the drugs despite negative consequences.
5. Increased risk of injuries: PEDs can promote muscle growth and strength, which may result in athletes pushing their bodies beyond their natural limits. This can increase the risk of injuries, such as tendon ruptures, ligament tears, and stress fractures.
6. Unfair advantage and ethical concerns: Using PEDs in competitive sports is considered cheating and goes against the principles of fair play. Athletes who use PEDs gain an unfair advantage over their competitors, undermining the integrity of the sport.