Final answer:
Religion is identified as a primary motivator of hate crimes among the given options, but racial motivation is the most common for hate crimes. Sexual orientation and societal events also play a role. The correct option is c.
Step-by-step explanation:
The primary motivator of hate crimes among the choices provided is c. religion. However, it's important to note that the majority of hate crimes are racially motivated. Instances like the murders of Brandon Teena and Matthew Shepard have raised awareness about hate crimes based on gender expression and sexual orientation, showing that multiple factors can motivate these crimes. Additionally, hate crimes based on sexual orientation have been significant, especially against LGBTQ individuals. Moreover, recent events have shown an increase in crimes against people of Asian descent, falsely associating them with the coronavirus pandemic, indicating how rapidly motivations behind hate crimes can develop in response to societal events.