Answer:
So, the absence of variety in a product, service, or process is associated with standardization (option a).
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer for the absence of variety in a product, service, or process is "a) Standardization." Standardization refers to the process of establishing a set of guidelines, specifications, or uniformity in the design, production, or delivery of a product or service. It involves reducing variations and maintaining consistency to achieve efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use.
On the other hand, "b) Mass customization" refers to the practice of producing customized products or services on a large scale, allowing customers to personalize certain aspects while still benefiting from economies of scale.
"C) Remanufacturing" refers to the process of restoring used products to a like-new condition, usually with the same or better quality and performance than the original product.
"D) Recycling" refers to the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials to create new products or items.
So, the absence of variety in a product, service, or process is associated with standardization (option a).