The correct answer is option d - It does not involve the atmosphere.
The phosphorus cycle is distinct because it does not involve the atmosphere, unlike the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon cycles which all have atmospheric components. Phosphorus is mostly cycled through rocks, water, and living organisms.
This cycle moves phosphorus through the biosphere, but unlike the other cycles, phosphorus rarely exists as a gas at normal temperatures and pressures on Earth. The phosphorus cycle includes the cycling of this nutrient through rocks, water, and living organisms. Phosphorus is a critical component of nucleic acids and phospholipids, and it is a key limiting nutrient in many ecosystems, particularly aquatic ones.
The cycle involves rock weathering, absorption by plants, and recycling through the food chain and decomposition. Human activities such as the use of phosphorus-rich fertilizers also impact the cycle.