Answer:
Yellow Box
what are some properties of acids and bases?
- Sour Taste: Many acids, such as vinegar (acetic acid) and citrus fruits (citric acid), have a sour taste.
- Corrosive Nature: Acids have the ability to corrode or dissolve certain materials, including metals and some minerals.
- Turns Blue Litmus Paper Red: Acids can change the color of blue litmus paper to red.
how do we differentiate a strong base or acid from a weak base or acid?
- Strong Acids: Strong acids completely ionize or dissociate in water, meaning that they break apart into ions. As a result, they release a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) into the solution. Some examples of strong acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3).
- Weak Acids: Weak acids only partially ionize or dissociate in water, resulting in a lower concentration of hydrogen ions. They establish an equilibrium between the undissociated acid molecules and the dissociated ions. Examples of weak acids include acetic acid (CH3COOH), carbonic acid (H2CO3), and citric acid (C6H8O7).
- Strong Bases: Strong bases fully dissociate in water, releasing a high concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-). This high concentration of hydroxide ions contributes to the alkaline nature of the solution. Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
- Weak Bases: Weak bases do not completely dissociate in water, leading to a lower concentration of hydroxide ions. They also establish an equilibrium between the undissociated base molecules and the dissociated ions. Ammonia (NH3) and amines are examples of weak bases.
what types of ions are present in a base? An acid?
- In a base, the predominant type of ion present is the hydroxide ion (OH-). When a base dissolves in water, it releases hydroxide ions, which contribute to the basic or alkaline nature of the solution. For example, in the case of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolving in water, it dissociates into sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-):
NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
- In an acid, the predominant type of ion present is the hydrogen ion (H+). Acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, which is responsible for their acidic properties. However, it's important to note that hydrogen ions are often present in the form of hydrated hydronium ions (H3O+). For example, when hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves in water, it dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-):
HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
- The hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions are usually associated with water molecules to form hydronium ions (H3O+), which can be represented as follows:
H+(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq)
Therefore, while hydrogen ions are the primary species in an acid, they are typically found in the form of hydronium ions in aqueous solutions.