The correct answer is d. loading jobs horizontally.
The Job Characteristics Model (JCM) is a theory that aims to explain how certain job characteristics affect employees' motivation, satisfaction, and performance. It consists of five core job characteristics and three critical psychological states that lead to positive outcomes. The principles of the JCM include:
a. Combine tasks: This principle suggests that jobs should be designed to include a variety of tasks and responsibilities, providing employees with a sense of diversity and challenge.
b. Opening feedback channels: This principle emphasizes the importance of providing employees with timely and constructive feedback about their performance. It encourages communication and allows employees to learn and improve.
c. Establishing client relationships: This principle focuses on creating opportunities for employees to interact and build relationships with clients or customers. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and meeting customer needs.
d. Loading jobs horizontally: This is not a principle of the Job Characteristics Model. It is not a term or concept commonly associated with the JCM.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. loading jobs horizontally.