Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
a. The mitochondria are the organelles responsible for cellular respiration, which is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. The glucose is first broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm, and then the pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria, where it is converted into Acetyl-CoA. The Acetyl-CoA then enters the Krebs cycle, which produces NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. In addition to producing ATP, the mitochondria also play a role in regulating cellular metabolism and calcium signaling.
The chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, which is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane, where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions occur in the stroma, where glucose is produced.
b. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related in that they are opposite reactions. The products of one process are the reactants of the other process. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. The glucose and oxygen produced in photosynthesis are then used in cellular respiration to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The reactions for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are:
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
This relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration allows for the cycling of matter and energy in ecosystems.