Answer:
5 powerful kingdoms or empires of ancient Africa apart from the ones in western Sudan are:
- Kingdom of Aksum (1st century BC – 10th century AD) was a powerful trading empire in the Horn of Africa. It was known for its wealth, its advanced architecture, and its strong military.
- Carthage (814 BC – 146 BC) was a wealthy and powerful city-state in North Africa. It was founded by Phoenicians and became a major trading power in the Mediterranean.
- Kingdom of Mali (1230 – 1645) was a large and prosperous empire in West Africa. It was founded by Sundiata Keita and reached its peak under Mansa Musa.
- Songhai Empire (1464 – 1591) was a large and powerful empire in West Africa. It was founded by Sonni Ali and reached its peak under Askia Muhammad.
- Great Zimbabwe (1100 – 1500) was a large and prosperous city-state in southern Africa. It was a major center for trade and was known for its impressive stone architecture.