The correct answer is B. Nationalism.
Nationalism refers to loyalty to those with whom one shares a common history, culture, and belief system. It is the sense of pride and devotion towards one's own nation and the desire for self-governance and autonomy. Nationalism can manifest itself in various forms, such as patriotism and the promotion of national interests.
For example, individuals who identify strongly with their country may feel a deep sense of loyalty towards their fellow citizens and a commitment to preserving their nation's traditions, values, and language. This loyalty can be seen in actions like supporting national sports teams, celebrating national holidays, and actively participating in civic duties.
Nationalism can also have positive and negative effects. On one hand, it can foster unity, promote social cohesion, and provide a sense of belonging. On the other hand, excessive nationalism can lead to conflicts, discrimination against minority groups, and a disregard for other cultures and nations.
To summarize, nationalism is the loyalty and devotion to those who share a common history, culture, and belief system. It is an important concept that influences individuals' sense of identity and their relationship with their nation.