11) A physical quantity that can be described by a single number (possibly with units) is called a scalar.
12) Time, temperature, and mass are not vectors because they do not possess both magnitude and direction.
13) We indicate that something is a vector by using notation, such as boldface or an arrow above the symbol.
14) Vectors A and B can be considered the same if they have equal magnitude and direction.
15) The resultant or sum of vectors Aˉ and Bˉ is the vector that represents their combined effect or total displacement.
16) When adding more than two vectors, the resultant (sum) starts from the initial point of the first vector and ends at the final point of the last vector.
17) If we change the order in which we add vectors, the resultant vector remains the same.
18) A component vector is a vector that represents the projection of a vector onto a specific coordinate axis.
19) Ax represents the component of the vector A along the x-axis.
20) The components of vector A (Ax and Ay) can be negative if they point in the negative direction of the respective coordinate axes.
A scalar is a physical quantity that is fully described by its magnitude alone, without any direction. Scalars can be represented by a single number, possibly with units, such as temperature, time, mass, or distance. Unlike vectors, scalars do not have directionality associated with them.
Vectors have both magnitude (size or quantity) and direction. Time, temperature, and mass, however, are scalar quantities that can be fully described by a single number or value without any specific direction. For example, time is measured in seconds and represents a duration, while temperature is measured in degrees and indicates the degree of hotness or coldness. Mass, measured in kilograms, represents the amount of matter in an object.
To distinguish vectors from scalars, we use specific notation. Commonly, vectors are represented by boldface letters (e.g.,