Final answer:
In 1781, James Watt invented an improved steam engine that provided rotary power to machinery, becoming a cornerstone of the Industrial Revolution.
Step-by-step explanation:
In 1781, James Watt, a Scottish engineer, invented a new type of steam engine that revolutionized the use of steam power in factories. Unlike earlier models, Watt's steam engine provided rotary motion that could directly power machinery, transforming industrial production. This innovation was essential to the advancement of the Industrial Revolution, as it greatly increased efficiency and productivity by replacing animal and water power.
Initially, James Watt developed a working model of his steam engine in 1765, and with financial backing from Michael Boulton, he was able to patent his design. His engine was more efficient than previous versions, including the Newcomen steam engine, requiring only a quarter as much fuel. Watt's 1781 engine was the first to produce rotary power suitable for factory operations, leading to widespread adoption across various industries.