1. Adherence:
Bacteria must first adhere to a surface or host cell in order to initiate the infection process. Adhesion occurs when the bacteria's surface molecules bind to specific receptors on the host cell.
2. Colonization:
Once the bacteria adhere to the host cell, they can then begin to colonize the surrounding area by multiplying and forming colonies. This increases the bacterial population in a given area and allows for further infection of surrounding cells.
3. Invasion:
Once the bacteria have established a colony, they can then invade the host cell by injecting their own genetic material or toxins into the cell. This allows the bacteria to hijack the host's cellular machinery and take control of various cellular processes.
4. Pathogenesis:
During this stage, the bacteria cause damage to the host cell or host tissue. This may involve the release of toxins, destruction of the cell's membrane, or invasion of the host's organs.
5. Disease:
The last stage of the infection process is when the bacteria cause disease in the host. Symptoms vary depending on the type of bacteria and the particular organ affected, but may include fever, nausea, fatigue, and general malaise.