Answer:
Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following research questions a) RQ1: How does phone use before bedtime affect the length and quality of sleep? [2 Marks] b) RQ2: What is the influence of input medium on chatbot accuracy? [2 Marks] c) RQ3: What is the role of virtual reality in improving health outcomes for older adults? [2 Marks] d) RQ4: What is the influence of violent video gameplay on violent behavioural tendencies in teenagers? [2 Marks] e) RQ5: What is the influence of extended social media use on the mental health of teenagers? [2 Marks] B2. a) Describe what is meant by internal and external consistency. Give an example of both kinds of consistency in the context of a video conferencing application. [4 Marks] b) Define affordance and give an example of affordance in the context of a cash machine interface. [6 Marks] B3. a) Define physical constraints and give an example in the context of a cash machine interface [4 Marks] b) Name four characteristics of good experiments [2 Marks] c) List and explain two cognitive levels on which designers try to reach users when designing emotional interactions.
Answer:
a) RQ1: Independent variable: phone use before bedtime Dependent variables: length and quality of sleep
RQ2: Independent variable: input medium Dependent variable: chatbot accuracy
RQ3: Independent variable: virtual reality Dependent variable: health outcomes for older adults
RQ4: Independent variable: violent video gameplay Dependent variable: violent behavioural tendencies in teenagers
RQ5: Independent variable: extended social media use Dependent variable: mental health of teenagers
b) Internal consistency refers to the degree of agreement or correlation between different parts of a measurement tool or assessment. For example, in a video conferencing application, internal consistency would mean that the same measurement tool (e.g., a rating scale) used across different components of the application (e.g., audio quality, video quality, ease of use) would produce consistent results.
External consistency, on the other hand, refers to the degree of agreement or correlation between different measurement tools or assessments that are designed to measure the same construct. For example, in a video conferencing application, external consistency would mean that different measurement tools (e.g., a subjective rating scale, an objective measure of bandwidth) used to assess audio quality would produce consistent results.
c) An affordance refers to the possibilities for action that an object or environment offers to a user. An example of affordance in the context of a cash machine interface could be the design of the buttons on the screen, which are shaped and labeled to suggest their functions (e.g., "Withdraw", "Deposit", "Balance Inquiry").
B3. Physical constraints are the physical limitations or barriers that prevent a user from taking a particular action or performing a particular task. An example of physical constraints in the context of a cash machine interface could be the size or location of the buttons on the screen, which might make it difficult for users with limited dexterity or visual impairments to interact with the machine.
Four characteristics of good experiments are:
Control: the ability to manipulate or control the independent variable
Randomization: the assignment of participants or conditions to different groups or conditions at random
Replication: the ability to reproduce the experiment with similar results
Validity: the extent to which an experiment measures what it is intended to measure
Designers try to reach users on two cognitive levels when designing emotional interactions:
The perceptual level: this involves designing interfaces that
Step-by-step explanation: