a. Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without seeking permission from the copyright holder. It provides certain exceptions to copyright law for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. Fair use considers factors such as the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality of the portion used, and the effect of the use upon the potential market for the copyrighted work.
In Creative Commons, there are four possible options or licenses that can be applied to works:
1. Attribution (BY): This license allows others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the original work, even commercially, as long as they give appropriate credit to the creator.
2. ShareAlike (SA): This license allows others to distribute derivative works based on the original, even commercially, as long as they use the same license for the new work.
3. Non-Commercial (NC): This license allows others to remix, adapt, and build upon the original work for non-commercial purposes only, without the need for permission from the creator.
4. No Derivatives (ND): This license allows others to distribute the original work, but they are not permitted to remix, adapt, or build upon it.
b. Four employee ethical roles and responsibilities for a workplace include:
1. Honesty and Integrity: Employees have a responsibility to act with honesty and integrity, being truthful and transparent in their actions and communication.
2. Respect and Fairness: Employees should treat others with respect and fairness, promoting a positive and inclusive work environment free from discrimination or harassment.
3. Confidentiality: Employees should respect and maintain the confidentiality of sensitive information or trade secrets obtained in the course of their work.
4. Compliance with Laws and Policies: Employees have an ethical responsibility to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and company policies, ensuring their actions align with legal and ethical standards.
Regarding whistleblowing, there are two types:
1. Internal Whistleblowing: This occurs when an employee reports concerns or wrongdoing within their own organization to someone within the company, such as a supervisor, ethics hotline, or designated compliance officer.
2. External Whistleblowing: This involves reporting concerns or wrongdoing to external entities outside the organization, such as regulatory agencies, law enforcement, or the media.
Acceptable whistleblowing typically involves situations where the employee has exhausted internal reporting channels, the concern involves serious violations of laws or regulations, there is substantial evidence to support the claims, and there is a reasonable belief that the organization will not address the issue appropriately or that retaliation may occur.
c. Internet censorship refers to the control or restriction of access to certain content, websites, or online activities by governments, organizations, or internet service providers. One example of internet censorship is the "Great Firewall of China," where the Chinese government restricts access to certain foreign websites and platforms.
The effectiveness of internet censorship can vary. While it can limit access to certain information or control the flow of content, determined users can often find ways to bypass censorship measures, such as using virtual private networks (VPNs) or proxy servers. Additionally, internet censorship can lead to unintended consequences, such as the stifling of free speech, infringement on human rights, and limitations on access to knowledge and information.
Conducting internet censorship can be challenging due to several reasons:
1. Technical Difficulties: With rapidly evolving technologies, it can be challenging to implement effective censorship measures that can keep up with various methods used to circumvent them.
2. Balancing Freedom and Control: Striking a balance between protecting public interests and individual rights can be complex, as censorship can infringe upon freedom of expression and access to information, leading to debates over what content should be restricted or allowed.