The French Revolution had various causes, including social, political, and economic factors. Some of the main causes were the inequality and injustices of the Old Regime, economic hardships faced by the majority of the population, the influence of Enlightenment ideas promoting liberty and equality, and the financial crisis of the French government. These factors, among others, contributed to widespread discontent and led to the revolutionary events.
Regarding Napoleon, he both preserved and undermined the ideals of the French Revolution. On one hand, Napoleon preserved certain revolutionary principles by implementing administrative reforms, codifying laws, and promoting meritocracy. He also extended the principles of equality and secularism to regions under his control. However, he undermined the ideals of the Revolution by establishing an authoritarian regime and declaring himself Emperor. His reign saw restrictions on individual freedoms, censorship, and the suppression of political opposition. Despite this, Napoleon's impact on Europe led to the spread of some revolutionary ideas and institutions, albeit in a modified form.