Answer:
The statement (c) "Geographers observe patterns and processes over space and time." is true.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement (a) "The map is the only representation of the Earth that preserves distance, area, shape, and angles." is false. It is not possible for a flat map projection to preserve all four of these properties at the same time.
The statement (b) "The Sun is the primary source of longwave radiation reaching Earth, while Earth releases primarily shortwave radiation." is false. The Sun is the primary source of shortwave radiation, while the Earth releases mainly longwave radiation.
The statement (d) "The shape of the Earth is best described as a sphere." is also false - the Earth is more accurately described as an oblate spheroid due to its slightly flattened shape at the poles and bulging at the equator.
Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Geographers observe patterns and processes over space and time.