Question

Discuss in detail the two types of errors that may affect measurement scores. 2. Identify the type of scale (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) being used in each of the following questions. Justify your answer. a. During which season of the year were you born? spring winter summer fall b. What is your total household income? C. Which are your three most preferred brands of cigarettes? Rank them from 1 to 3 according to your preference, with 1 as most preferred. Marlboro Salem Newport Camel Benson & Hedges Merit d. How much time do you spend traveling to school every day? under 5 minutes 5-10 minutes 11-15 minutes 16-20 minutes 30 minutes and over e. How satisfied are you with Newsweek magazine? very satisfied satisfied neither satisfied nor dissatisfied dissatisfied very dissatisfied f. On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke in a day? over 1 pack less than 12 pack 12 to 1 pack 9. What is the level of education for the head of household? some high school some college high school graduate college graduate and/or graduate work Which of the following courses have you taken? marketing research sales management advertising management consumer behavior

Answer 1

There are two types of errors that may affect measurement scores: systematic error and random error. Systematic error is the error that is consistently present in all measurements. The source of systematic error is generally attributed to the instrument or method of measurement. An example of systematic error is a stopwatch that always runs a few seconds too fast or too slow. Random error, on the other hand, is the error that varies in magnitude and direction with each measurement. The source of random error is often attributed to environmental conditions or human factors that are difficult to control. An example of random error is a scale that produces slightly different readings every time a person steps on it.

a. Nominal scale as seasons do not have a mathematical value.
b. Ratio scale as income is measured on an absolute scale and has an absolute zero point.
c. Ordinal scale as the brands are ranked according to the respondent's preference.
d. Ordinal scale as the different durations of time are ranked according to length of time.
e. Ordinal scale as the level of satisfaction is ranked according to degree of satisfaction.
f. Ratio scale as the number of cigarettes is measured on an absolute scale and has an absolute zero point.

The level of education for the head of household question does not indicate any scale type. It is a categorical data question. The courses taken question is also a categorical data question.