There are two types of errors that may affect measurement scores: systematic error and random error. Systematic error is the error that is consistently present in all measurements. The source of systematic error is generally attributed to the instrument or method of measurement. An example of systematic error is a stopwatch that always runs a few seconds too fast or too slow. Random error, on the other hand, is the error that varies in magnitude and direction with each measurement. The source of random error is often attributed to environmental conditions or human factors that are difficult to control. An example of random error is a scale that produces slightly different readings every time a person steps on it.
a. Nominal scale as seasons do not have a mathematical value.
b. Ratio scale as income is measured on an absolute scale and has an absolute zero point.
c. Ordinal scale as the brands are ranked according to the respondent's preference.
d. Ordinal scale as the different durations of time are ranked according to length of time.
e. Ordinal scale as the level of satisfaction is ranked according to degree of satisfaction.
f. Ratio scale as the number of cigarettes is measured on an absolute scale and has an absolute zero point.
The level of education for the head of household question does not indicate any scale type. It is a categorical data question. The courses taken question is also a categorical data question.