Final answer:
An effective argument is built on a clear claim, thorough refutation of counterclaims, and credible evidence. Demonstrating fairness and using emotional appeal strategically can also enhance the argument's impact.
Step-by-step explanation:
An author can make their argument more effective by developing a clear and reasonable claim, recognizing and refuting a counterclaim, and providing evidence from a reliable source. The key element in any argumentative paper is the claim, which is the thesis statement of the piece. To arrive at a definitive thesis, one should focus on narrow, specific claims that are manageable and defendable. When addressing counterclaims, it's effective to exhibit empathy for opposing views and then immediately refute them with reason and evidence. This demonstrates fairness and an understanding of the rhetorical situation. Establishing credibility is achieved by providing personal experience or credentials and citing reliable sources to support one's points. Lastly, emotional appeal, or pathos, can be used carefully to target the readers' concerns and motivate them to action.