Final answer:
In each pair, the element with the higher ionization energy is Bi, As, I, and S.
Step-by-step explanation:
The element with the higher ionization energy in each pair is:
a. Between As and Bi, the element with the higher ionization energy is Bi.
b. Between As and Br, the element with the higher ionization energy is As.
c. Between S and I, the element with the higher ionization energy is I.
d. Between S and Sb, the element with the higher ionization energy is S.
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. It generally increases across a period and decreases down a group in the periodic table. In each pair, the elements with higher ionization energy are those with smaller atomic radius or higher effective nuclear charge.