1. Standardization is the process of establishing consistent and uniform procedures for administering and scoring tests, allowing for meaningful comparisons across individuals or groups. The normal curve, also known as the bell curve or Gaussian distribution, is a statistical distribution that represents the pattern of scores or measurements in a population. It is characterized by its symmetric shape, with the majority of scores clustered around the mean. The Flynn effect refers to the observed phenomenon of intelligence scores increasing over time, suggesting a generational increase in cognitive abilities. Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of test scores over time and across different administrations. Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of scores when the same test is administered to the same individuals at two different time points. Split-half reliability involves dividing a test into two halves and assessing the consistency of scores between the halves. Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. Content validity refers to how well a test covers the relevant content or domain, while predictive validity refers to the ability of a test to accurately predict future performance or outcomes.
2. The normal curve in intelligence testing is a graphical representation of the distribution of intelligence scores in a population. It follows a bell-shaped curve, where the majority of scores cluster around the mean. The mean represents the average intelligence score of the population and is typically set to 100, with a standard deviation of 15. The standard deviation measures the spread or variability of scores around the mean. It indicates how much individual scores deviate from the average score. Percentiles are used to interpret individual scores in relation to the rest of the population. For example, if someone's intelligence score falls at the 75th percentile, it means they scored higher than 75% of the population. The normal curve and associated statistics provide a framework for understanding and comparing intelligence scores in a standardized manner. However, it's important to note that intelligence is a complex construct influenced by various factors, and the interpretation of scores should consider multiple sources of information. Accessing specific data in PDF or word processing format would require access to the provided documents.