Question

explain how the u.s. federal government's financial challenges shape the financial future of state governments, local governments, non-profits, and other public organizations.

Answer 1

One way that the federal government can influence the states is through the distribution of grants, incentives, and aid. State and local governments are eager to obtain federal dollars, but many of those dollars come with strings attached.
Non-Profits:
A nonprofit organization is not a sovereign entity. Rather, this type of organization can only operate in compliance with the regulations set forth by the government in the form of state and federal laws and rules. A nonprofit can only operate with the permission of the government.
Public organizations:

Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy.