To describe the process of transcription, here are the steps in order:
1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA molecule, which signals the start of transcription.
2. Unwinding: The DNA double helix unwinds, separating the two strands.
3. Elongation: RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary RNA strand using one of the DNA strands as a template.
4. Termination: Transcription reaches a specific termination sequence on the DNA, signaling the end of transcription.
5. mRNA Processing: In eukaryotes, the newly synthesized pre-mRNA undergoes modifications such as adding a 5' cap and a poly-A tail, as well as removing introns.
6. Release: The RNA strand, now called messenger RNA (mRNA), is released from the DNA template and the DNA double helix reforms.
7. Export: In eukaryotes, the mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it can be translated into a protein.
By following these steps, the process of transcription converts the genetic information encoded in DNA into RNA, specifically messenger RNA, which serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation.