Answer: C. clear-cutting forests
Explanation: Clear-cutting forests refers to the complete removal of all trees in a specific area. This human activity has a significant and transformative impact on the ecosystem of the region. Here's an explanation of why clear-cutting forests is most likely to transform a region's ecosystem:
Loss of Habitat: Forests provide habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species. Clear-cutting removes this habitat, displacing or eliminating many species that rely on the forest for food, shelter, and breeding. The loss of habitat can lead to a decline in biodiversity and disrupt the ecological balance of the region.
Soil Erosion: Trees play a crucial role in preventing soil erosion. Their roots hold the soil in place, preventing it from being washed away by rain or wind. Clear-cutting removes this natural protection, leaving the soil vulnerable to erosion. As a result, sediment can be carried into water bodies, leading to water pollution and habitat degradation.
Changes in Microclimate: Forests influence the microclimate of an area by providing shade, regulating temperature, and maintaining humidity levels. Clear-cutting exposes the land to direct sunlight, causing temperature extremes and altering the moisture balance. This change in microclimate can impact the growth of plants, the behavior of animals, and the overall functioning of the ecosystem.
Disruption of Nutrient Cycling: Forests play a vital role in nutrient cycling. As trees shed leaves and branches, organic matter decomposes and enriches the soil. Clear-cutting disrupts this natural process by removing the trees and reducing the input of organic matter. It can lead to nutrient depletion in the soil, affecting the growth and health of plants.
Increased Vulnerability to Invasive Species: Clear-cut areas provide open spaces for invasive plant species to establish and thrive. These invasive species can outcompete native vegetation, further altering the ecosystem structure and composition.
Overall, clear-cutting forests is a highly impactful human activity that can lead to the loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, changes in microclimate, disruption of nutrient cycling, and the introduction of invasive species. These effects can transform the ecosystem of a region significantly.